Tracking mortality over time – Update 28th April

April 3, 2020

Jason Oke, Nick DeVito, Carl Heneghan.


We are tracking the ONS data on deaths, which updates every Tuesday.

How can we tell if COVID-19 is the principal cause of these deaths?  Or if they would have occurred in the absence of COVID-19, particularly in the elderly and people with chronic health problems? (see David Spiegelhalter’s article for an explanation).

One way is to examine the death rates and determine if more people are dying than we would expect. What we want to know is whether the reported COVID deaths represent an “excess” over the norm.

The weekly number of registered deaths for all ages.

Update April 28th: today’s data release refers to the week ending the 17th of April (week 16)

  • Total deaths all ages 22,351 deaths.
  • This is an excess of 12,034 deaths:  more than double what is expected at this time of year, RR 2.14 (95% CI 2.10 to 2.20; p<0.0001).

Interactive graphs available  here

Difference between total deaths and expected deaths over a  5-year average. 

The number of deaths has exceeded 3 SDs on 5 separate occasions in the past three years. In the 2017 to 2018 winter period, there were 50,100 excess winter deaths in England and Wales. The highest previous recorded deaths  (we are aware of) per week occurred in week 52 of 1999 when 18,500 deaths were registered in that week.

Excess deaths over the  last  6 weeks

Were excess deaths due to COVID?

  • In week 16, of the  12,034 excess deaths, 8,758 (73%) mentioned COVID on the  death certificate, 3,276 (27%) did not.
  • 29% (n =7916) of all the excess death in the last 6 weeks did not mention COVID on the death certificate.

 

There are two possible explanations for  why COVID is not mentioned on the death certificate:

  1. Underreporting of COVID on death certificates
  2. Deaths from other causes are going up

The peak of deaths is consistent with NHS England’s peak -deaths (8th  April). This could be revised upwards but the data is consistent with  NHS England’s data on  deaths (see COVID-19 Death Data in England – Update 21st April)

The two most reliable sources are ONS deaths by actual date of death – and NHS England by date of death –

Age of deaths  

  • 72.8% of all the deaths  occurred in >75s

  • 71.% of COVID deaths occurred in >75s

Interactive graphs for mortality  by age per 100,000 population 

it is important to look at the rates of death by age of the population at risk (there are fewer 85-year-olds than those in the  45 to 64 age group. What this does is show the much higher  risk in the  elderly compared to younger age  groups

Mortality by Age per 100,000 population

  • >85s: 236/100,000
  • 75-84: 82 per 100,000
  • 65-74: 24 per 100,000
  • 45-64: 6.4  per 100,000
  • 15-44: 0.45 per 100,000
  • 1-14: 0.02 per 100,000

The ONS reporting doesn’t tell us if  COVID was mentioned as the disease or condition that led directly to the death.

  • The immediate cause of death – (first line of the death certificate in Part I)
  • The underlying causes of death – considers the chain of events leading ultimately to death (lowermost lines in Part I)

All respiratory diseases deaths (ICD-10 J00-J99) include deaths from Viral pneumonia (coded as J12).  

  • Week 14: 2,106  an increase of 572 (27%) respiratory deaths compared with the previous week.
  • Week 15: 1,810  a decrease of 298 (14%) compared with last week.
  • Week  16: 1776 a decrease of  34 (1.9%)  compared with last  week

You would expect pneumonia to be on the rise if SARs-CoV-2 predominately caused viral pneumonia. A death certificate would contain both COVID and viral pneumonia if this was the case. This suggests the predominant cause of COVID deaths is not respiratory. Further in-depth analysis of ONS data can reveal the other causes but this is not yet available.

Interactive graphs available  here

Place of death  

Deaths in care homes (n=7,316) and at home (4,570) added together were greater than the number of deaths in hospital (n=9,434).

There was a greater proportion of Non-COVID deaths at home (91%)  and care homes setting (72%), than non-COVID deaths (week 13 averages provided for comparison).

Deaths by Region 

See also 


AUTHORS

Jason Oke is a Senior Statistician at the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and Module Coordinator for Statistical Computing with R and Stata (EBHC Med Stats), and Introduction to Statistics for Health Care Research (EBHC), as part of the Evidence-Based Health Care Programme.

NickDeVito is a Doctoral Researcher at the EBM DataLab (Bio)

Carl Heneghan is Professor of Evidence-Based Medicine, Director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and Director of Studies for the Evidence-Based Health Care Programme. (Full bio and disclosure statement here)

 

 

Disclaimer:  the article has not been peer-reviewed; it should not replace individual clinical judgement, and the sources cited should be checked. The views expressed in this commentary represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the host institution, the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. The views are not a substitute for professional medical advice.